Inclusion | DNA Testing Glossary

In DNA relationship testing, an inclusion is a result indicating that the tested individual cannot be excluded as the biological relative. In a paternity test, this means the alleged father's DNA is consistent with being the biological father at every tested locus. The formal language on a report typically reads "the alleged father is not excluded as the biological father," with a probability of paternity of 99.99% or higher. The double-negative phrasing exists because science can prove someone is not the father (exclusion is absolute) but can only show that the evidence strongly supports that he is the father. In practical terms, an inclusion with a probability above 99% is treated as confirmation of the biological relationship.

Related Terms

Exclusion, Probability of Paternity, Combined Paternity Index, Allele, Paternity Test

Source

National Library of Medicine — DNA Identification in Forensic and Paternity Testing